Introduction

Emergency planning is crucial for ensuring the safety and resilience of the companies during crises. Planning is not only about responding to emergencies but also preventing them through thoughtful preparation.

This module delves deeper into essential components of effective emergency planning as risk assessment and mitigation strategies, emergency response roles and responsibilities, communication and coordination protocols, and post-emergency evaluation and feedback. Through a holistic approach, this module aims to equip participants with the knowledge and skills necessary for developing and implementing robust emergency plans.

Before we start you need to be able to determine what an emergency is and the appropriate level of response. An emergency is defined as any event that could result in the loss or disruption of an organization’s operations, services, or functions (anteagroup, 2022). In addition, an emergency is an event that can endanger or threaten to endanger life (Goverment of WA, n.d.). Coordinated management is therefore required to safeguard life and business operations.

Emergency management involves both understanding the likelihood of an emergency occurring and its potential consequences. Effective emergency management means that plans are in place for all identified emergency scenarios so that the response is comprehensive. It is therefore clear that preparation for emergencies cannot be left to the last minute (Goverment of WA, n.d.).

By extension, emergency preparedness planning should seek and achieve the following elements:

1. Risk Assessment,
2. Business Continuity,
3. Cooperation and collaboration with local or national emergency preparedness authorities to protect life(Pathway Health Service, 2017),
4. Inclusive Emergency Planning. When planning for workplace emergencies, it is important to consider people with accessibility or functional needs who may be at greatest risk during or after an emergency or disaster. For example, this may include people with disabilities(Everbridge, n.d.).

Emergency Planning is therefore crucial for ensuring the safety and resilience of the companies during crises. Planning is not only about responding to emergencies but also preventing them through thoughtful preparation.

There are many best practices for emergency planning that emergency managers can follow to prepare their organisation. This section delves into the key components of effective emergency planning which can be summarised as:

• Risk Assessment & Mitigation Strategies
• Defining of Emergency Response Roles and Responsibilities
• Establishment of Communication and Coordination Protocols
• Post-emergency evaluation and feedback

Through a holistic approach, this module provides an overview and analysis of best practices for developing and implementing robust emergency plans.

Submodule 2.1 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies

Risk Assessment is an integral part of Risk Management. This section presents the importance of risk assessment in the field of strategic emergency planning and its place in the overall risk management methodology as well as suggested mitigation strategies.

Risk management approach

Risk Management is an ongoing process and is based on the foundations of the ISO 31000:2018 standard. It includes a preliminary analysis of the context of potential risks, their criticality and impact and possible preventive and corrective actions.

Risk is the chance of something happening that will have an impact on project objectives and risk management can be described as the culture, processes and structures that are directed towards realizing potential opportunities whilst managing an adverse effect. Risk is defined as an event or a condition that has a potential to affect the achievement of the plan negatively.

The risk management methodology consists of the following main elements:

• Identify: identification of a risk (threats or opportunities) and documentation of the risks registered by the person responsible for registering the risks.  In this context, all activities and factors of the plan (internal or external) that may adversely affect the plan are analysed. Identify the hazards associated with possible emergency scenarios.
• Assess: Analysis of the risks associated with possible emergency scenarios. The primary objective is to document the net effect of all identified threats by assessing:
  • Likelihood of threats and opportunities (risks);
  • Impact of each risk;
  • Prioritisation based on scales.
• Response: preparation and implementation of management responses to mitigate threats and maximise opportunities. Implement control measures, including emergency response plans.
• Monitor and review: monitor and review the performance of the risk management actions (effectiveness of the emergency response plan). At this point new risks are always possible to occur. It is recommended to continuously identify potential risks and report them to the respective risk manager. The risk manager shall then keep the Risk Register updated by following the above steps.
• Communicate: providing regular reports to management at specified intervals.

It is understood that in the field of strategic emergency planning there is a link between risk identification and risk assessment.

Risk assessment involves assessing the likelihood and potential impact of various hazards or risks, allowing decision-makers to prioritise their resources and focus on mitigating the most significant threats. On the other hand, risk identification involves identifying and understanding specific risks present in an environment or system, allowing targeted measures to be implemented.

This inseparable link between risk assessment and risk identification is a powerful synergy that leads to integrated emergency planning (TheSafetyMaster, n.d.).

A risk assessment ideally captures every risk faced by a particular role, team, job or department. If it is a small organisation and company, it may be possible to assess the risks of the whole team as a single unit.

Most of the time it is difficult to identify potential emergencies. For an effective emergency response plan, it is recommended to search the company’s employee history and incident records, as well as any other issue that could be a factor during an emergency (SafetyLine, n.d.).

Risk Identification

As part of the workplace emergency preparedness planning processes, a number of threats that could pose a challenge are listed as an example:

• Fire: In the event of a fire, employees may need to evacuate the building to ensure their safety and prevent injury or loss of life.
• Chemical Spills/Leaks: If there’s a spill or leak of hazardous chemicals, evacuation may be necessary to protect employees from exposure and potential health risks.
• Gas Leaks: Leaks of natural gas or other gases can pose a significant risk of explosion or suffocation, necessitating evacuation to ensure employee safety.
• Biological Contamination: Instances of biological contamination, such as the release of a harmful pathogen or biohazardous material, may require evacuation to prevent the spread of illness or infection.
• Radiation Exposure: In facilities where radiation sources are present, such as nuclear power plants or medical facilities, a radiation leak or exposure event may prompt the need for evacuation to minimize radiation exposure to employees.
• Structural Damage: Severe structural damage to the building caused by events like earthquakes, explosions, or severe storms may necessitate evacuation to prevent collapse or further hazards.
• Terrorist Threats: In the event of a credible terrorist threat, such as a bomb threat or active shooter situation, evacuation may be necessary to protect employees from harm.
• Severe Weather: Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, or severe storms can pose risks to employee safety, prompting the need for evacuation to seek shelter in a safer location.
• Floods: Rising water levels due to heavy rainfall, storm surges, or burst pipes can lead to flooding within the workplace, requiring evacuation to higher ground or safer areas.
• Explosions: The occurrence of explosions due to gas leaks, chemical reactions, or other causes may necessitate immediate evacuation to prevent injuries or fatalities.
• Utility Failures: Failures in essential utilities such as water, gas, or electricity can create unsafe conditions in the workplace, prompting the need for evacuation.

All risks that can be discovered during the risk identification process should be registered under a Risk Registry where each risk is thoroughly analysed and evaluated.

Every time a new risk has been identified, the Risk Manager should be notified in order to follow the standard procedure of risk registration.

Notification of a new risk should include the following elements:

• Description of the new risk or potential event,
• Probability of risk occurrence,
• Impact that this risk will cause.

Risk Assessment

A risk assessment is a process used to identify potential hazards and analyse what could happen if a disaster or hazard occurs. There are numerous hazards to consider, and each hazard could have many possible scenarios happening within or because of it.

When conducting a risk assessment, emphasis is placed on identifying vulnerabilities or weaknesses that could make the business more vulnerable to losses from a risk. For example, a building with inadequate or no fire suppression system could burn to the ground, as opposed to one with a properly designed and fully installed building.

In general, the vulnerabilities of an organisation contribute to the severity of the damage when an incident occurs and can be summarised as follows:

• safety,
• deficiencies in building construction,
• process systems,
• security,
• protection systems and
• loss prevention programmes(Ready.gov, 2024).

The most common emergency risk assessment tools used in emergency management

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA)

HIRA, or Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, is a thorough and structured method used to identify all conceivable risks that may impact your company or organization. It involves evaluating their potential impact and vulnerabilities. Through HIRA, you can analyse the frequency, severity, duration, and scope of each risk, along with the exposure, susceptibility, and ability to adapt of the affected population and assets. Additionally, HIRA aids in evaluating current risk mitigation strategies and pinpointing areas for enhancement and potential improvements.

*Likelihood (L): 1 – Rare, 2 – Unlikely, 3 – Possible, 4 – Likely, 5 – Almost Certain

**Severity (S): 1 – Insignificant, 2 – Minor, 3 – Moderate, 4 – Major, 5 – Catastrophic

Business Impact Analysis (BIA)

BIA, or Business Impact Analysis, is a tool designed to concentrate on how a disruption or emergency might affect the essential operations and procedures of an organization. BIA aids in evaluating the operational, financial, legal, reputational, and regulatory consequences of different risks. It also assists in determining recovery time objectives and the resources necessary to resume regular operations. Moreover, BIA facilitates the identification of dependencies and interdependencies among functions and processes, allowing for their prioritization based on significance and immediacy.

Useful external resource: Business Continuity Planning For Small to Medium Sized Businesses

Scenario Analysis

Scenario analysis serves as a tool to delve into potential outcomes and ramifications of diverse events or circumstances that may arise in the future. Its purpose is to aid in anticipating and readying for an array of uncertainties and obstacles, while also assessing the effectiveness and durability of your plans and strategies. Furthermore, scenario analysis assists in pinpointing the catalysts and signals of change, along with opportunities and risks to your community or organization(LinkedIn community, 2023).

SWOT Analysis

The SWOT analysis is a planning technique used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of an organization or system. It provides a structured approach to assess the current state and future possibilities, aiding in informed decision-making and strategy development.

This technique is designed for use in the preliminary stages of decision-making processes and can be used as a tool for evaluation of the strategic position of an organization. It is intended to specify the objectives of the business venture or project and identify the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieving those objectives.

Some questions to consider when creating a SWOT analysis are listed in the table below:

Table 1: SWOT Analysis Example

Risk Matrix

As mentioned above, risk is typically considered as measure of the adverse impact and the likelihood of an event occurring. Based on this methodology risk is considered as a product of the likelihood of an undesirable event taking place and its potential impact on various categories. Such assessment and categorization is typically used in prioritizing the remedial actions necessary to address the identified risks. The risk criteria adopted are as follows:

Table 2: Likelihood Evaluation Matrix

Table 3: Impact Evaluation Matrix

According to the above risk criteria, the risk heat map generated is the following:

Table 4: Risk Heat Map

Risk Response

For each identified risk, a response must be identified. It is the responsibility of the company management along with the risk manager to select a risk response for each identified risk.

The possible risk responses are:

• Avoid, eliminate the threat by eliminating the cause.
• Mitigate, identify ways to reduce the probability or the impact of the risk.
• Transfer, make another party responsible for the risk.
• Accept, nothing will be done.

Which risk response is the most appropriate for your business?

Determining the most appropriate risk response for your business depends on a number of factors, including the nature of the risks, the resources available and the organisation’s specific objectives and priorities.

A key element of effective risk mitigation and integrated risk management involves identifying the types of risks your business faces. Prior to initiating any planning, it is vital to conduct a thorough threat assessment to identify and rank risks.

As highlighted above, risk assessment serves as a fundamental tool for businesses to maneuver through the complex field of potential threats. By identifying and prioritizing the operational risks facing your business, you can optimize the allocation of mitigation resources by focusing on the most critical areas(AlertMedia, 2024).

Risk Mitigation

The impact of risks of emergencies can be reduced by focusing on mitigation. Where there is a likelihood of significant impacts, then the creation of a mitigation strategy should be a priority. There are many mitigation strategies that can reduce the damage to your business from a disaster and facilitate its recovery(Ready.gov, 2024).

Risk Mitigation vs. Risk Prevention

In summary, “risk mitigation is the practice of diminishing the impact of an event, while risk prevention focuses on avoiding those events entirely”.

There are several similarities between risk mitigation and risk prevention activities, as both aim to safeguard an organisation, its staff and its business activities. Typically, they are used in parallel to create multiple layers of security.

While prevention is an important aspect of emergency preparedness, it is impractical to consistently prevent all emergencies. Therefore, it is equally important to strategize on how to minimize the impact when unforeseen events occur. This is where risk mitigation becomes essential(AlertMedia, 2024).

Mitigation and preparedness are implemented before an emergency occurs. Conversely, response and recovery are by definition only possible after a catastrophic event(Jane A. Bullock, 2012).

An example of risk mitigation

The example of fire: a risk that should be mitigated.

Every type of business, such as business offices, faces a significant risk of fire, which requires a comprehensive response plan. Such a plan should include preventative measures to reduce the likelihood of a fire occurring, as well as effective fire response protocols to ensure safe evacuation during a fire crisis(AlertMedia, 2024).

Mitigation Strategies to take into consideration

• Review current fire prevention regulations, national standards and best practices to identify mitigation opportunities and compliance requirements.
• Consult with your insurance carrier to explore advisory services to customize protection for new or renovated facilities, which may result in reduced premiums for highly protected properties.
• Choose a building location away from areas prone to flooding, storms, significant seismic activity or near hazardous facilities to minimize risk.
• Ensure that building construction complies with fire protection and life safety requirements as outlined in applicable building codes.
• Implement uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems and emergency backup generators for critical equipment to mitigate business interruptions.
• Develop a business continuity plan that includes recovery strategies to effectively manage risks(Ready.gov, 2024).

Submodule 2.2 Emergency response roles and responsibilities

Who has responsibilities in relation to emergency response?

Top management have a duty to ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that employees and other persons are not put at risk by the work they undertake. In addition, employers are required to draw up emergency plans when establishing and implementing a safety management system for the operation of the undertaking(Goverment of WA, n.d.).

Define clear emergency roles and responsibilities

It is important to establish lines of communication and cooperation to define roles and responsibilities in advance. In addition, training and exercises allow emergency managers to test their plans, identify areas for improvement and ensure that staff are familiar with their roles and responsibilities(Command Solutions Ltd, 2023).

Individuals within the company who will implement your procedures in the event of an incident or emergency should be designated. It should be ensured that all relevant members of staff, regardless of their normal role, understand what to do in the event of an emergency, for example:

• the location of exits
• how to use emergency equipment
• how to raise the alarm
• who to take instructions from(HSE, n.d.)
• concerning assistance to disabled persons.

With regard specifically to evacuation, the assignment of roles and responsibilities is key to ensuring a smooth and efficient evacuation process. These roles could include fire safety officers, who are responsible for checking the premises to ensure that everyone has been evacuated, and designated first aid officers, who can provide immediate care if needed(Quinn, 2023).

In a company setting, emergency response roles and responsibilities may be tailored to suit the organization’s structure, industry, and specific risks. Here’s a breakdown of typical roles and their responsibilities within a company’s emergency response framework:

Table 5: Typical roles and their responsibilities

An emergency response team typically includes various roles, with the incident commander being essential. It’s crucial to maintain updated contact details for each member to ensure constant availability. 24/7 availability ensures continuous coverage for critical roles, with personnel rotating as necessary.

Table 6: Most Common Emergency Response Team Roles (AlertMedia, 2023)

During an evacuation, coordination of all individuals is required for a successful outcome. A sense of shared responsibility helps ensure that all individuals are better prepared for emergencies. In the context of emergency response, the ability to coordinate between different individuals is particularly important when responsibility and response capacity needs to be extended to wider jurisdictional boundaries during a crisis(A.M. Guerrero, 2023).

Submodule 2.3 Communication and coordination protocols

In emergency situations, effective communication is crucial for ensuring safety and minimizing damage. It’s essential to have a clear, concise, and well-practiced communication plan that utilizes multiple channels to reach all individuals involved. This plan should include instructions for emergencies, which are easily accessible and understandable for both employees and visitors.

During an emergency, the ability to communicate quickly and accurately can prevent confusion, injuries, and even fatalities. A multi-channel approach ensures redundancy, so if one system fails, others can take over. After the immediate threat has passed, ongoing communication is key to recovery and maintaining trust among stakeholders.

A robust communication strategy not only protects individuals but also safeguards the organization’s assets. By clearly outlining the necessary actions, such as shutdown procedures, employees can act swiftly to protect property and reduce the overall impact of the emergency.

Finally, transparent communication post-emergency helps in the recovery process, reinforcing the organization’s commitment to safety and resilience. It’s a testament to the organization’s preparedness and ability to handle crises, ultimately strengthening its reputation and stakeholder relationships(Gladwish, 2023).

Creating a communication plan tailored to your company is a vital step in emergency management. A well-crafted communication plan serves as the backbone of emergency response efforts, ensuring that all parties involved are informed and prepared to act promptly. This plan should be comprehensive, addressing the unique needs and characteristics of your people.

Start by identifying the most effective ways to gather information. This could include establishing a network of contacts within different departments who can provide updates, utilizing technology such as emergency notification systems that can send real-time alerts, and setting up dedicated communication channels like hotlines or mobile apps. Additionally, consider the various methods for disseminating information, which may range from email and social media to public address systems and face-to-face meetings, depending on the urgency and nature of the information.

Next, determine the key individuals or teams responsible for disseminating this information, ensuring they are trained and prepared to do so efficiently. The channels used to spread messages should be varied and accessible, including social media, local radio, community message boards, and emergency alert systems.

It’s essential to ensure that the tools and methods used are inclusive, catering to the diverse needs of all company staff and other stakeholders, including those with disabilities or language barriers. Regular drills and updates to the plan can help maintain its effectiveness and adaptability to changing circumstances(Everbridge, n.d.).

Ultimately, the goal is to facilitate easy evacuation procedures and accurate information dissemination, which are paramount for the safety and well-being of all stakeholders during an emergency.

Best Practices for Creating an Effective Emergency Communication (EC) Plan

• The EC plan must be clearly aligned with the specific objectives and tailored to the needs of identified key stakeholders.
• Gaining management support is crucial for the implementation and effectiveness of the EC plan.
• A comprehensive approach to emergency scenarios should be incorporated, covering natural disasters, security threats, and other potential crises.
• Utilizing a mix of communication channels ensures redundancy and reliability, with electronic and non-electronic methods complementing each other.
• Regular updates and tests of the EC plan are necessary to maintain its relevance and effectiveness in actual emergency situations.
• Training and drills for all potential users of the EC plan will ensure familiarity and efficiency during an actual emergency.
• A backup communication system, such as a landline call tree, is essential to maintain communication in case of digital network failures.
• Continuous evaluation and improvement of the EC plan will help in adapting to new threats and incorporating technological advancements.

Key Takeaways for an Emergency Communications Plan

• Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders: Ensure that the EC plan clearly identifies all external parties, such as law enforcement, fire departments, medical personnel, and regulatory agencies, that need to be involved in emergency response efforts.
• Diverse communication methods: The plan should outline various communication modes to be utilized during a crisis, including phone calls, text messages, emails, and potentially social media, to ensure messages reach all necessary parties quickly and efficiently.
• Crisis containment strategies: Detail provisions for containing the crisis effectively, with the primary goals of minimizing human injury and preventing damage to enterprise assets.
• Detailed evacuation procedures: Include comprehensive staff evacuation guidelines, specifying communication methods, routes, and protocols to ensure staff safety during an emergency.
• Designation of safe areas: Identify and communicate safe locations for staff to convene if the crisis poses a direct threat to their safety, ensuring these locations are accessible and equipped to handle the needs of the staff during the emergency.

Incorporating routine checks of crisis communication protocols, like call trees, is a crucial element of any emergency communication strategy. It ensures that all individuals involved can be reached quickly and effectively during an emergency, maintaining a streamlined and reliable communication process. This practice is essential for verifying the functionality and efficiency of the emergency response system(Awati, n.d.).

Submodule 2.4 Post-emergency evaluation and feedback

In the context of strategic emergency planning, there is need of post-emergency evaluation to determine and implement corrective actions.

Evaluation of the Emergency Preparedness Response Efforts

 Having a predefined evaluation plan ensures a systematic approach to gathering critical data and insights post-incident. Secondly, stakeholder involvement is crucial for a holistic view of the emergency and its implications. This inclusive approach not only enriches the evaluation with diverse perspectives but also promotes a shared responsibility for safety. It is essential to integrate inclusivity and equity into the assessment to ensure that all organisation members have their needs met. Lastly, the evaluation should result in actionable recommendations that address identified root causes and enhance emergency response strategies. These recommendations must be integrated into the organization’s safety protocols and training programs, ensuring continuous improvement and readiness for future emergencies.

A post-emergency evaluation process includes the importance of a systematic analysis of data to identify strengths and weaknesses in emergency preparedness and response. Utilizing methodologies such as root cause analysis, gap analysis, or SWOT analysis can provide objective insights into the emergency’s causes, consequences, and lessons.

Reporting findings in a clear and concise manner ensures that stakeholders and authorities are well-informed of the key issues, actions, and outcomes. Finally, implementing changes with a focus on urgency, feasibility, and impact, while assigning clear responsibilities and monitoring progress, is crucial for enhancing workplace safety and resilience.

This structured approach to evaluation and improvement can significantly contribute to a more effective emergency management system. A thorough and comprehensive post-emergency evaluation is a proactive step towards a safer and more resilient workplace(LinkedIn community, 2023).

An After-Action Report (AAR) serves as a comprehensive tool to analyse the effectiveness of the response, highlighting what strategies worked and pinpointing areas that require improvement. By asking targeted questions about the appropriateness of response strategies, the timeliness and coordination of communication, and the overall strengths and weaknesses of the response, stakeholders can develop a clear understanding of the response efforts. Identifying gaps and addressing them is crucial for enhancing the company’s capacity to handle future emergencies.

The debriefing aims to document:

• Opportunities identified during operations to enhance future responses.
• Strategies to bolster coordination and communication among stakeholders.
• Insights contributing to the efficacy of future operational procedures and activities(BritishColumbia, 2024)

The key takeaways from such evaluations should focus on learning from both the successes and failures of the response. This knowledge should be documented and communicated effectively to support other communities in building their resilience. By doing so, the collective wisdom gained from individual experiences can contribute to a more prepared and responsive staff in the face of disasters.

Table 7: Typical questions to consider when setting up an AAR

In summary, post-emergency assessments are vital to strengthen emergency management strategies. They serve as a reflective process to understand the effectiveness of response efforts, identify areas for improvement, and establish knowledge that can help mitigate the impact of future emergencies. The inclusion of different perspectives, in particular those of affected groups, is essential for a holistic assessment. This not only helps in the healing and rebuilding process, but also ensures that the lessons learned are comprehensive and inclusive(SBCC, n.d.).

Summary of key points

• Emergency Planning is crucial for ensuring the safety and resilience of companies during crises, including both response to and prevention of emergencies.
• Risk Assessment is based on Likelihood and Impact Assessment
• Top management holds the responsibility to ensure employee safety and establish emergency plans.
• Clear roles and responsibilities are essential for effective emergency response.
• Coordination among individuals is crucial during evacuations and wider crisis situations.
• A multi-channel communication plan ensures redundancy and timely information dissemination.
• Tailored communication plans, inclusive of diverse communication methods, are necessary for effective emergency management.
• It is essential to integrate inclusivity and equity into the assessment to ensure that all organization members have their needs met.
• A post-emergency evaluation process includes a systematic analysis of data to identify strengths and weaknesses in emergency preparedness and response.

Useful links

Case Study

Self- Assessment

Conclusion

In conclusion, effective emergency management and preparedness are paramount for safeguarding both life and business operations. Coordinated management is necessary to address these challenges comprehensively. Emergency planning involves understanding the likelihood and consequences of potential emergencies, emphasizing the importance of proactive preparation rather than last-minute responses. Risk assessment helps prioritize resources and focus on mitigating significant threats. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce the impact of emergencies, with responses including avoidance, mitigation, transfer, or acceptance of risks. While risk prevention is essential, it’s equally crucial to strategize on minimizing impacts when emergencies occur, making risk mitigation indispensable. Effective emergency management hinges on risk assessment, clear delineation of roles and responsibilities, robust communication protocols, and comprehensive post-emergency evaluation. Module 2 provides a comprehensive framework for organizations to navigate emergencies efficiently and safeguard the well-being of their stakeholders.

Bibliography

A.M. Guerrero, Ö. B. D. N. R. P. J. B. R. S., 2023. Collaboration and individual performance during disaster response. Global Environmental Change, Volume 82.

AlertMedia, 2023. Optimize Your Emergency Response: Team Roles and Responsibilities. [Online]
Available at: https://www.alertmedia.com/blog/emergency-response-roles/

AlertMedia, 2024. Make Risk Mitigation Work for Your Business. [Online]
Available at: https://www.alertmedia.com/blog/risk-mitigation/

Anon., n.d. Risk management approach to emergency preparedness. [Online]
Available at: https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Safety/Risk-management-approach-to-7898.aspx

anteagroup, 2022. Five Best Practices for Emergency Incident Response Preparedness. [Online]
Available at: https://us.anteagroup.com/news-events/blog/five-best-practices-for-emergency-incident-response-preparedness

Awati, R., n.d. emergency communications plan (EC plan). [Online]
Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchdisasterrecovery/definition/emergency-communications-plan-EC-plan
[Accessed 22 April 2024].

BritishColumbia, 2024. Debrief after an emergency. [Online]
Available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/emergency-management/local-emergency-programs/after-action-review
[Accessed 22 April 2024].

Command Solutions Ltd, 2023. Preparedness – 7 Best Practices for Emergency Managers, s.l.: s.n.

Everbridge, n.d. 7 Best practices for emergency managers. [Online]
Available at: https://www.everbridge.com/blog/7-best-practices-for-emergency-managers/
[Accessed 22 April 2024].

Gladwish, J., 2023. How to Communicate Emergency Protocols to Visitors and Contractors. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ilobby.com/blog/communicate-emergency-protocols

Goverment of WA, n.d. Safety, Risk managemnt approach to emergency preparedness. [Online]
Available at: https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Safety/Risk-management-approach-to-7898.aspx

HSE, n.d. Planning for incidents and emergencies. [Online]
Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/event-safety/incidents-and-emergencies.htm
[Accessed 22 April 2024].

Jane A. Bullock, G. D. H. D. P. C., 2012. Mitigation, Prevention, and Preparedness. PubMed Central.

LinkedIn community, 2023. How can you ensure that your post-emergency evaluations are thorough?, s.l.: s.n.

LinkedIn community, 2023. What are the most common emergency risk assessment tools used in emergency management?, s.l.: s.n.

Pathway Health Service, 2017. Emergency Preparedness: Risk Assessment, s.l.: s.n.

Quinn, A., 2023. Effective Emergency Planning: A Five-Step Guide to Ensuring Safety & Compliance. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ilobby.com/blog/emergency-planning-steps-facility-safety-compliance

Ready.gov, 2024. Risk Mitigation. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ready.gov/business/planning/risk-mitigation

SafetyLine, n.d. 5 Major Steps to Building a Successful Emergency Response Plan. [Online]
Available at: https://safetylineloneworker.com/blog/building-a-successful-emergency-response-plan
[Accessed 22 April 2024].

SBCC, n.d. Conduct a Post-Emergency Evaluation. [Online]
Available at: https://sbccimplementationkits.org/sbcc-in-emergencies/conduct-a-post-emergency-evaluation/
[Accessed 22 April 2024].

TheSafetyMaster, n.d. Strategic Emergency Planning: The crucial connection between risk assessment and hazard identification. [Online]
Available at: https://www.thesafetymaster.com/strategic-emergency-planning-the-crucial-connection-between-risk-assessment-and-hazard-identification/
[Accessed 22 April 2024].

Presentation

Congratulations on completing Module 2 of the PRODIGY Training Course. Don’t forget to share your achievement with your friends!